ongoing treatment

VIS. Recto before treatment

  • title Seated Girl

    artist Jacques Villon

    date 1936

    material oil on canvas

    dimensions 80.77 × 59.69 cm

    owner Yale University Art Gallery

  • two tears in the canvas support

    strainer has missing and fractured sections

    paint loss along the tears

    minor canvas deformations

    surface dirt

  • goal to recover the aesthetic integrity of the composition and the mechanical properties of the canvas.

    1. Consolidation of loose paint flakes

    2. Removal of canvas from strainer

    3. Cleaning of the strainer

    4. Cleaning of canvas

    5. Fiber analysis

    6. Tear-mending

    7. Treatment of deformations

    8. Placing canvas on new strainer

    9. Filling

    10. Retouching

    11. Backing board

    Thorough documentation of both the technical examination findings and the treatment outcomes will be meticulously carried out.

treatment

highlights

Fibre analysis was undertaken to identify the canvas material, gain insight into its ageing behaviour, and ensure compatible replacement threads for tear mending.

A small fibre sample was removed from a loose thread and separated using sharp tools. The fibres were mounted in Cargille Meltmount and examined under a polarised light microscope. Their structural features and birefringence were compared with fibres from the Yale McCrone reference library, including flax, hemp, jute, and cotton (see image on the right). Cotton and jute were excluded based on incompatible characteristics. In addition to the colour similarity with flax, Villon’s fibre exhibits a similar narrow and interrupted lumen (core of the fibre), in contrast to the hemp reference, which features a broader and less defined lumen. This distinct difference in lumen structure is a key characteristic of flax, providing strong evidence that the fibre is flax.

Left: fibre from Seated Girl. Middle: Hemp reference fibre. Right: Flax reference fibre.

Working from both the front and back of the canvas was essential for mending the tear in Seated Girl: thread alignment could only be accessed from the reverse, while the painted surface required precise positioning from the front. To avoid flattening Villon’s original tacking margins and plier marks by mounting the canvas onto a stretcher, a temporary non-adhesive working support was developed.

The canvas was placed face down on a rigid 4 mm plexiglass sheet, providing stability during handling and allowing the painting to be safely flipped without distortion. The plexiglass's transparency enabled visual monitoring of the paint layer during treatment without flipping the canvas. A cut-out at the tear location allowed direct access from the front. When working on the recto, the original folds were preserved using a custom foam support.

Magnets were used only during flipping (for a maximum of ten minutes at a time) to secure the canvas to the plexiglass. Prior testing confirmed that magnets on the tacking margins (where no paint is present) caused no deformation. Each magnet was cushioned with blotter and soft non-woven fabric to avoid indentations. Eight magnets were used in total. A schematic of this system is shown. This approach proved to be an effective and minimally invasive solution.

A thread-by-thread tear mending technique was chosen to realign the original weave with minimal visual and structural impact. For this tightly woven canvas, it provided the most controlled and reversible method while preserving the surface texture.

As the tear edges had shifted slightly during the 20 years in storage, kinesiology tape was used to realign them. Displaced fibres were realigned with deionised water, and linen replacement threads were added where necessary. Thread ends were lightly moistened before applying adhesive, and original and new threads were interwoven in a plain weave. Methylcellulose helped stabilise the replacement threads during handling. Hot needles and fine tools assisted in shaping and alignment (see image on the left). Due to brittleness, some original threads broke and were replaced with new ones, woven further into the canvas for stronger interlocking joins.